Interaction of Insecticides and Fungicides in Bees
نویسندگان
چکیده
Honeybees and wild bees are among the most important pollinators of both cultivated landscapes. In recent years, however, a significant decline in these has been recorded. This decrease can have many causes including heavy use biocidal plant protection products agriculture. The frequent residues bee originate from fungicides, while neonicotinoids and, to lesser extent, pyrethroids popular insecticides detected products. There is abundant evidence toxic side effects on honeybees produced by neonicotinoids, but only few studies investigated because they generally regarded as not being harmful for bees. field, variety substances taken up mixtures their combinations be lethal pollinators, depending specific group insecticide or fungicide. review discusses different major fungicide classes Fungicides inhibiting sterol biosynthesis pathway strongly increase toxicity pyrethroids. Other contrast, do appear enhance when combined with neonicotinoid pyrethroid insecticides. But knowledge possible interactions fungicides poor, particularly bees, emphasizing need further insecticide-fungicide
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in insect science
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2673-8600']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2021.808335